Umdlalo yinduku encane yezinkuni noma umucu wamakhadibhodi ngenhlanganisela eqinile yamakhemikhali avuthayo afakwe ekugcineni okukodwa. Lapho lokho kuphele kuhlaselwa endaweni enolaka, ukungqubuzana kwakha ukushisa okwanele kokukhanyisa amakhemikhali futhi kukhiqize ilangabi elincane. Eminye imidlalo, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Strike-noma kuphi umdlalo, ingahle idonswe ngokubabazekayo kunoma iyiphi indawo enzima. Eminye imidlalo, ebizwa ngokuthi yimidlalo yezokuphepha, izokhipha kuphela uma igasele endaweni ekhethekile enobunzima obuqukethe amakhemikhali athile.
Ngo-1831, uCharles Sauria waseFrance waqamba umdlalo owasebenzisa i-phosphorus emhlophe. Le midlalo yayingama-STRET-noma kuphi ukufana futhi kulula kakhulu ukukhahlela. Ngeshwa, babelula kakhulu ukukhahlela futhi babangela imililo eminingi engahlosile. I-phosphorus emhlophe nayo yabambisa kakhulu ukuba nobuthi kakhulu. Abasebenzi ezisebenza ezitshalweni ezifanisayo abahogela imfucumfucu emhlophe ye-phosphorus babevame ukuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokuwohloka okwesabekayo kwemijondolo eyaziwa ngokuthi "imihlathi ye-phossy." Ngaphandle kwale ngengozi yezempilo, i-phosphorus emhlophe yaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa esitelekeni - noma kuphi ukufana kuze kube ekuqaleni kwawo-1900s, lapho isenzo sikahulumeni e-United States naseYurophu saphoqa abakhiqizi ukuthi bashintshele kumakhemikhali we-nontoxic.
Ngo-1844 Gustaf Pasch waseSweden ehlongozwayo ukubeka ezinye zezithako zokuhlangana komdlalo endaweni ehlukile eshayayo, kunokuba uzifake ekhanda lomdlalo, njengokuqapha okwengeziwe ngokumelene nengozi. Lo mbono uhlanganiswe nokutholwa kwe-phrosphorus ebomvu esebenzayo, i-nontoxic red phosphorus-LED J. E. Lundstrom yeSweden ukwethula imidlalo yokuphepha ngo-1855.
Woods esetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-matchstick kumele abe yi-porous ngokwanele ukudonsa amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, futhi aqinile ngokwanele ukumelana namabutho okugoba ahlangane nawo lapho umdlalo ushaqekile. Kufanele futhi zigobe futhi zisebenze kalula futhi zisebenze, ukuze zincishwe kalula izinti. UPine omhlophe kanye ne-aspen izinkuni ezimbili ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa le njongo.
Lapho nje ama-matchick akhiwa, afakwe emanzini emomonium phosphate, okuwukubuyiselwa komlilo. Lokhu kuvimbela induku ekushayweni ngemuva kokuthi umdlalo usuphumile. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, iziphetho ezihlaba umxhwele ze-matchstick zicwilisa ku-wax paraffin wax eshisayo. Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngenani elincane likaphethiloli ukudlulisa ilangabi kusuka kumakhemikhali avuthayo esiqeshini kuya kumdlalo uqobo. Lapho upharafini ishisa, i-ammonium phosphate endaweni yokufanisa ivimbela noma yimuphi umhlanga.
Amakhanda esiteleka-noma kuphi ukufana kwenziwa izingxenye ezimbili, ithiphu nesisekelo. Ithiphu iqukethe ingxube ye-phosphorus sesquisulfide ne-potassium chloractic. I-phosphorus sesquisulfide iyikhemikhali elisebenzayo kakhulu, elingenalo lobuthi endaweni ye-phosphorus emhlophe. Kuthathwa kalula ukufudumala kokushayisana ngokumelene nendawo evuthayo. I-potassium chelackarter nikeza umoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze uhlanganiswe. Ithiphu futhi iqukethe ingilazi eyimpuphu nezinye izinto ze-inert filler ukwandisa ukungqubuzana nokulawula isilinganiso esivuthayo. I-glue yezilwane isetshenziselwa ukubopha amakhemikhali ndawonye, futhi inani elincane le-zinc oxide lingangezwa kwisithiphu ukuyinika umbala ovunguzayo. Isisekelo siqukethe izinto eziningi ezifanayo njengethiphu, kepha zinenani elincane le-phosphorus sesquisulfide. Ibuye ibe nesibabule, i-rosin, nenani elincane lepharafini le-wax ukuze lisekele ukuhlanganiswa. Udayi oshukunyiswa amanzi angangezwa ukunikeza isisekelo sombala obomvu noma okwesibhakabhaka.
Izinhloko zemidlalo yezokuphepha zakhiwa ingxenye eyodwa. Ziqukethe i-antimony trisulfide, i-potassium chelate, isibabule, ingilazi eyimpuphu, i-inert filler, ne-glue yezilwane. Zingafaka nodayi onyibilikise amanzi. I-Antimony Trisulfide ayikwazi ukukhishwa ngokushisa kwengxabano, ngisho nasekubeni yi-ejenti ye-oxidizing efana ne-potassium chent efana ne-potassium chent, futhi idinga omunye umthombo wokulahla ukuqala kombuko. Lowo mthombo wokulungisa uqhamuka endaweni ebonakalayo, efakwa ohlangothini lwebhokisi lomdlalo noma embozweni esingemuva sencwadi yomdlalo. Indawo ebonakalayo iqukethe i-phosphorus ebomvu, ingilazi eyimpuphu, kanye nokunamathela okufana ne-gum arabic noma i-urea flarmicdehyde. Lapho umdlalo wokuphepha ugcotshwa endaweni eshayayo, ukungqubuzana kwakha ukushisa okwanele ukuguqula umkhondo we-phosphorus ebomvu ku-phosphorus ebomvu. Lokhu masinyane kuphendula nge-potassium chloractate ekhanda lomdlalo ukukhiqiza ukushisa okwanele kokukhipha i-antimony trusulfide bese uqala ukuhlanganiswa.
Amabhokisi wokufanisa kanye nezincwadi zokufanisa zenziwa ekhadibhodi. Imichilo ye-Finned of Cardboard esetshenziselwa ukwenza imidlalo ezincwadini ezifanayo ibizwa nge-comb.
Ukufana kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana. Endabeni yemidlalo enamathela ngamapulangwe, ama-matchstick aqala ukusika, alungiswe, futhi athuthelwa endaweni yokugcina. Lapho kudingeka ama-matchdick, afakwa ezimbozweni ezisebhande elide eligcwele. Ibhande libathwala kuleyo nqubo yonke, lapho bacwiliswa emathangini amakhemikhali amaningi, omisiwe, futhi bapakishwe emabhokisini. Ukufana kwamakhadibhodi-stick asetshenziswa ezincwadini ezifanayo kucutshungulwa ngendlela efanayo.
NO.2-18033 Soubao Business Center, No.16 Indandatho yendandatho yeningizimu-ntshonalanga yendandatho, eBeijing, China
Izingodo ezi-1 zephayini emhlophe noma i-aspen ziboshwe ngomshini olimazayo futhi zijikeleze kancane ngenkathi ujikeleza amabala asuse amagxolo angaphandle esihlahla.
2 Izingodo ezihlutshiwe zibe zinqunywa ubude obufushane mayelana ne-1.6 ft (0.5 m) ubude. Ubude ngabunye bufakwa ku-peeler bese usebenzisa yethuumshini wokusika ojikelezayoukwakha ishidi elide, elincanyana le-Wood kusuka ebusweni bangaphandle kwelogi. Leli phepha licishe libe ngu-0.1 ku (2,5 mm) linye futhi libizwa ngokuthi yi-veneer. I-Peendeng blade iqhubekela phambili ibheke emgogodleni we-log ejikelezayo kuze kube yilapho kuphela okusele okuncane. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kulahliwe futhi kungahle kusetshenziselwe uphethiloli noma kuncishiswe kuma-chips ezinkuni ukuze kusetshenziswe ephepheni noma e-chipboard.
Izingodo ezihlutshiwe zibekwe ku-peeler, ezinquma ishidi cishe ngo-0,1 ku (2.5 mm) obukhulu, obizwa nge-veneer, kusuka ku-log. I-veneer iqhubeka kuchopper, okusika kube yizinduku ezincane. Izinduku zimanzi ngekhambi le-dilute ye-ammonium phosphate futhi zomisiwe, zisusa iziqhekeza kanye nesixazululo sekristali. Imidlalo ilahlwe kwi-hopper yokuphakelayo, ebakhulisa. Ibhande elihlanganisiwe elihlanganisiwe libamba phansi lapho becwilisa ochungechungeni lwamathangi amathathu. Imidlalo yomisiwe imizuzu engama-50-60 ngaphambi kokuba ihlanganiswe.
3 Amashidi e-veneer ahlanganiswe futhi anikezwe i-chopper. I-chopper inama-blade amaningi abukhali agawula isitaki ukukhiqiza ama-matchstick ambalwa acishe abe ngu-1 000 ekushayweni okukodwa.
4 Ama-Matchsticks asikiwe alahlwa kwi-VAT enkulu egcwele isixazululo se-Dilute se-Ammonium phosphate.
Ngemuva kokuthi sebengene imizuzu eminingana, ama-matchstick asuswa kwi-VAT futhi abekwe kwisigubhu esikhulu, esijikelezayo, njengesomisi somile. Isenzo sokuhlanza ngaphakathi kwesigubhu somisa izinti nezenzo zokukhazimula futhi zizihlanze kunoma yiziphi izibilini noma amakhemikhali akhishwe.
6 Izinduku ezomile bese zilahlwa nge-hopper futhi zishaye i-duct yensimbi endaweni yokugcina. Kweminye imisebenzi izinduku zishaywa ngqo endaweni yokufanisa lapho kuzobe kugcinwa khona.
7 Izinduku zishaywa endaweni yokugcina ziye kwibhande lokuhambisa elibadlulisela ukuthi lifakwe ezitsheni ngebhande elide, eliqhubekayo, eligcwele lensimbi. Izinduku zilahlwa zibe ama-hoppers okuphakelayo anezinsolo ze-V ezizihlukanisa nezimbobo ezisebhande elihlanganisiwe. Abakwa-Plungers bacindezela imicibisholo emigodini beya embonweni awela ibhande elihamba kancane. Ibhande elijwayelekile lingaba nezimbobo ezingama-50-100 ezihlukaniswe ngobubanzi bayo. Noma yiziphi izinduku ezingahlali ngokuqinile ezitsheni ziwela endaweni yokubamba ngaphansi kwebhande futhi zidluliselwe emuva ku-Feed Hopers.
8 Ibhande elihlanganisiwe libambe ama-matchstick libheke phansi ligxile engxenyeni engezansi yezinduku kubhavu we-paraffin wax eshisayo. Ngemuva kokuphuma ku-wax, izinduku zivunyelwe ukoma.
9 Ngaphezu kwalokho phansi umugqa, ama-matchstick abekwe phezu kwetay egcwele isisombululo se-liquid samakhemikhali ekhanda lomdlalo. I-tray bese iphakanyiswa isikhashana ukucwilisa iziphetho zezinduku kusixazululo. Izinkamba eziyizinkulungwane eziningana zihlanganiswa ngasikhathi sinye. Lo mjikelezo uyaziphindaphinda lapho i-batch elandelayo yezinduku isesikhundleni. Uma imidlalo iyisiteleka - noma kuphi, izinduku ziqhubekela komunye ugqoko ogcwele isixazululo samakhemikhali wethiphu, futhi umdlalo uphela ucwiliswe kulelo pheshana, kuphela ngalesi sikhathi hhayi ngokujulile. Lokhu kunikeza isiteleka - noma kuphi kufana nokubukeka kwabo okunamathoni amabili.
Ngemuva kokuthi amakhanda wokufanisa ahlanganiswe, imidlalo kufanele yomiswe kancane noma ngeke ilulaze kahle. Ibhande lingena futhi phansi kaningana njengoba imidlalo yomile imizuzu engama-50-60.
11 Izingxenye zekhadibhodi yangaphakathi nezangaphandle yamabhokisi okufana ziyasikwa, ziphrintiwe, zisongwe, futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye endaweni ehlukile. Uma ibhokisi lizoqukatha umentshisi wezokuphepha, amakhemikhali omcucu ashaqisayo ahlanganiswa nokunamathela futhi asetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo engxenyeni yangaphandle yebhokisi.
12 Lapho imidlalo isomile, ibhande libashukumisela endaweni yokufaka, lapho isondo elinamazinyo amaningi ligxilisa umentshisi ophelile ngaphandle kwezimbobo ezisebhande. Imidlalo iwela ku-hoppers, ekala inani elifanele lemidlalo yebhokisi ngalinye. Imidlalo ilahlwa ku-hoppers ibe izingxenye ezingaphakathi zamabhokisi womdlalo wamakhadibhodi, ezihamba ngebhande lokuhambisa elisendaweni etholakala ngaphansi kwe-hoppers. Amabhokisi ayishumi noma ngaphezulu angagcwaliswa ngasikhathi sinye.
13 Izingxenye zangaphandle zamabhokisi okufana zihambisa enye ibhande lokuhambisa ligijimisana nebhande lokuqala. Bobabili abahambisa ukuhambisa bayeke okwesikhashana, futhi izingxenye ezingaphakathi ezigcwele zidonswa ezingxenyeni ezingaphandle. Lo mjikelezo wokugcwalisa izingxenye zangaphakathi futhi wazicindezela ezingxenyeni ezingaphandle ziphindwa ngesilinganiso esisesilinganisweni sesekhondi.
14 Amabhokisi onke okusebenza ashukunyiswa yibhande lokuhambisa emshinini, okubahlanganisa nabo futhi abeke ebhokisini lekhadibhodi elenziwe nge-tartboard lokuthumela.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Amakhemikhali engxenye ngayinye yekhanda lomdlalo ayakalwa futhi alinganiswe ngqo ukugwema noma yikuphi ukwahlukana kokuqanjwa komdlalo okungathinta ukusebenza. Opharetha bahlala bebheka ukusebenza futhi bahlola umkhiqizo kuzo zonke izigaba zokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okubukwayo nezinye izinqubo zokulawula ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ukukhiqizwa komdlalo kudinga ukunakwa okuqinile kokuphepha. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungahle kube nemidlalo engaphezu kwesigidi esinamathiselwe kwibhande elihlanganisiwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kusho ukuthi indawo yokusebenza kufanele igcinwe mahhala kuyo yonke imithombo yokulahla ngengozi.
